Showing posts with label average price. Show all posts
Showing posts with label average price. Show all posts

December 26, 2018

「一括見積もりサイト」が低価格を牽引、W単価4ドル以下に 第3者機関との連携や情報公開で信頼感向上

Published at Nikkei Technology --

「一括見積もりサイト」利用は少数派だが・・・

 米国国立再生可能エネルギー研究所(The National Renewable Energy Laboratory: NREL)の最新レポート「ソーラー購入者の市場」によると、米国の住宅用太陽光発電システム購入者の95%以上は、施工業者から直接、見積もりを取った上で購入したという。
 逆に言うと、現在、インターネットによる「オンライン一括見積もりサイト」の利用率はまだまだ数%で、少数派ということになる。ただ、NRELは、一括見積もりサイトの利用者は、施工業者との直接取引よりも安くシステムを購入していると分析している(図1)。
図1●太陽光発電システム購入用のオンライン一括見積もりサイト
(出所:Pick My Solar)
[画像のクリックで拡大表示]
 一括見積もりサイトは、太陽光の購入検討者が一度に複数の会社に見積もりを依頼できるのが特徴である。消費者が自分で施工業者を探し、会社ごとに見積もりを取るのは手間と労力がかかる。
 NRELによると、一括見積もりサイトを利用しない購入検討者は、見積もり依頼に関わるコストを減らすため、見積もり依頼を1~2社程度に絞ることが多いという。しかし、見積もりが数社に留まる場合、購入検討者は施工業者に対して強いバーゲニング・パワー(交渉力)を持てない。...Read More Here

November 21, 2017

米入札で最安値、ネバダのメガソーラーが「3.42セント」 アップルがデータセンターを「再エネ100%」に

Published at Nikkei Technology Online ---  ネバタ州を管轄エリアとしている大手電力会社であるエヌヴィ・エネルギー社(NV Energy)がこのほど、同州の公益事業委員会にメガソーラー(大規模太陽光発電所)からの長期電力購入契約の許可を申請した。この長期契約は3つのメガソーラープロジェクトからなり、連系出力は合計で100MWに達する。

2030年目標に近づく

 3つのプロジェクトのうち2つは、同社が今年6月に発表した電力調達のための提案依頼書(RFP)の公募によるもので、契約期間25年にわたる均等化発電原価(LCOE:Levelized Cost Of Electricity)の値が、34.2米ドル/MWh(3.42米セント/kWh)となっている。
 ちなみに、米エネルギー省(DOE)は1年前、「2030年までに太陽光発電のコストを2020年比で半分にする」という「2030ゴール」を発表した。その中に、メガソーラーのコストを、「2020年には6米セント/kWhまで引き下げる」という目標が含まれているが、その目標は今年すでに達成された。さらに、「2030年には3米セント/kWhまで引き下げる」という目標も立てているが、今回のプロジェクトはこれにほぼ近い水準まで来ている。
図1●サンショット太陽光発電コスト2030年ゴール
(出所:The Department of Energy)

「米入札案件で最安値」

 エヌヴィ・エネルギー社の今回の公募では、公共事業規制政策法(PURPA:The federal Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act)によって認定された再生可能エネルギー発電所を含む「認定施設(QF)」からの 長期電力購入契約になっている。同社が選択したのは、連系出力25MWの「テクレン・ソラー3」と、同じく25MWの「テクレン・ソラー4」で、同州の公益事業委員会から認可が下りた場合、2020年9月1日までに稼働する計画である。
 2つのプロジェクトは174パワーグローバル社によるもので、 同社がネバダ州ボルダー市に現在開発中の「テクレン・ソラー1」と「テクレン・ソラー2」(計300MW)の隣接地に建設される予定である。
 174パワーグローバル社は韓国ハンファグループの発電事業に携わるハンファエナジー社の子会社で、「テクレン・ソラー3」と「テクレン・ソラー4」に設置される太陽光パネルはハンファグループの会社の1つで世界最大規模の太陽光パネルメーカーであるハンファQセルズ社が高効率単結晶パネルを提供するとみられる。この2つのメガソーラーは1軸追尾式システムを使用し、年間発電量は7万2622 MWhとなっている。
 エヌヴィ・エネルギー社で再エネとスマートインフラ部門でシニア・バイスプレジデントを務めるパット・エガン氏は、「『テクレン・ソラー3』と『テクレン・ソラー4』は米国で入札にかけられた太陽光発電の電力購入契約の中で最も低価格」とコメントしている。... Read More Here

April 26, 2017

California is the biggest PV market, but not the cheapest... What influences price differences among states?

EnergySage published a new report “Solar Marketplace Intel Report,” which compared the residential PV market data in the second half of 2016 with the first half of the same year. Based on quotes EnergySage collected from market place users across 34 states and Washington DC, it revealed that the average national gross cost in H2’16 declined by 6.25% from H1’16 to $3.36.

Of the findings presented, one of particular interest is the difference in system costs among the 10 states (Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Texas and Virginia) EnergySage selected for this report.  Looking at data in H2’16, Arizona has the lowest gross cost of $2.97/W, followed by $3.01/W in Ohio and $3.02/W in Virginia.  According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, in 2016 Arizona installed 656 MW of PV, of which one thirds was for residential installations. In fact, Arizona is the second largest residential PV market. Does the low cost reflect the size of the market?

Chart: Residential PV System Cost: 1H’16 vs. 2H’16

Looking closer at the data, you will notice that California has the third highest PV system cost at $3.38, after New York with $3.59/W and Massachusetts with $3.57/W.

How does California, the biggest PV market in the U.S., have one of the highest gross costs? Isn’t this the assumption: “the more PV is installed; the cheaper installation costs become”?

A large market size does not necessarily bring down the cost

The chart below shows (1) residential PV installed system cost ($/W) in H2’16 and (2) net-metered residential PV capacity at the end of 2016 (data source: EIA).

Chart: H2’16 Residential PV System Cost and Net-Metered Residential PV Capacity (as of December 2016)

California’s residential market is about 5 times as big as that of Arizona and the cost in California is 15% higher than Arizona.  Similarly, California’s residential market is about 153 times as big as Virginia, but the cost in California is 12% higher than Virginia. One would expect the market size to influence the installation costs more consistently.

Let’s check the relationship (the correlation) between (1) installed cost and (2) market size. The correlation coefficient between gross cost per watt and net-metered PV capacity is 0.32. This correlation value indicates a relatively weak positive relationship between those two variables. That means, for example, in California, the largest PV market, PV installation costs are not necessarily the cheapest.

Economies of Scale, does the size matter?

Normally, as the system size gets bigger, the cost per watt goes down.  That’s why utility-scaled solar plants or non-residential PV systems are much cheaper than residential in terms of dollar per watt.

According to EenrgySage’s data, the average system size in H2’16 in Florida is 12 kW, over 70% bigger than that of California (7 kW) while the gross cost in Florida is just 10% lower than that of California.  The correlation coefficient between gross cost per watt and average system size is -0.53, indicating a not-so-strong negative relationship between these two variables. It means that a larger system doesn’t necessarily lower the dollars per watt.

Chart: H2’16 Residential PV System Cost and H2’16 Average System Size


Electricity is the biggest influencer

Because utility electricity rates have a major impact on PV economics (payback time and investment return), let’s check whether electricity rates influence the system cost. The chart below shows (1) the residential PV installed system cost ($/W) in H2’16 and (2) the 2016 average residential electricity price ($/kWh) (data source: EIA).

The correlation coefficient between gross cost per watt and electricity price is 0.88, indicating a strong positive relationship between these two variables. The higher the electricity price, the higher the system cost and the lower the electricity price, the lower the system cost.

Chart: H2’16 Residential PV System Cost and 2016 Average Residential Electricity Price


Both Massachusetts ($0.19/kWh) and New York ($0.18/kWh) have the highest electricity price as well as the highest system cost. The average residential electricity price in California was $0.17/kWh. Compared to Virginia, the electricity price was 52% higher and the gross system cost was 12% higher.

Considering that component costs (solar modules, inverters and mountings) are relatively similar across the states, let’s check with an important part of the soft costs – installation labor.

By using labor data collected by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the chart below shows (1) residential PV installed system cost ($/W) in H2’16 and (2) Electricians’ (47-2111) hourly mean wage in May 2016 (data source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). The correlation coefficient between gross cost per watt and electricians’ mean hourly wage is 0.83; similar to the one with electricity price, indicating a strong positive relationship between these two variables. For example, New York has the highest electricians’ hourly mean wage as well as the highest gross cost.  Virginia has the third lowest electricians’ hourly mean wage as well as the third lowest gross cost. 

Chart: H2’16 Residential PV System Cost and Electricians’ Hourly Mean Wage (as of May 2016)




Looking at statewide incentive programs (excluding programs run by municipals), out of the 10 states, only Maryland and New York offer rebate programs (Maryland Residential Clean Energy Grant Program, The NY-Sun Incentive Program, respectively). Four states (Ilinois, Maryland, Massachusetts and Ohio) have active SREC markets toward the state RPS carve-out.  Arizona, Massachusetts and New York offer personal tax credits.

Statewide Incentive Comparison

Personal Tax Credit
SREC Trading
(2016 Average)
Rebate
Arizona
25% (up to $1000)


Illinois

~$168/MWh

Maryland

~$167.5/MWh
$1000/per system
Massachusetts
15% (up to $1000)
~$285/MWh

New York
25% (up to $5000)

$0.40/W (step 7)
Ohio

~$15/MWh


To sum up what influences price differences among states, Nick Liberati, Communication Manager at EnergySage stated as follow:

“As far as why certain states are higher, it's most likely a result of electricity prices and the availability of incentives. MA and NY have strong incentive programs and high electricity rates, while other states (e.g., Florida, Virginia) have lower electricity rates. This means installers in these states have to price their products lower in order to be competitive, even if it means that they take a lower margin.”